Betz cell

Neuron: Betz cell

A human neocortical pyramidal neuron such as a Betz Cell stained via Golgi technique.
Location Layer V of Cortex in primary motor cortex
Function excitatory projection neuron to spinal cord
Neurotransmitter Glutamate
Morphology Multipolar Pyramidal -- some of the longest axons in the body.
Presynaptic connections Superficial cortical layers, premotor area
Postsynaptic connections Ventral horn of the spinal cord
NeuroLex ID sao786552500

Betz cells are large pyramidal cell neurons located within the fifth layer of the grey matter in the primary motor cortex, M1. They are named after Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz, who described them in his work published in 1874.[1] These neurons are the largest in the central nervous system, sometimes reaching 100 μm in diameter.[2][3] Betz cells send their axons down to the spinal cord where in humans they synapse directly with anterior horn cells, which in turn synapse directly with their target muscles. While Betz cells have one apical dendrite typical to pyramidal neurons, they have more primary dendritic shafts, and these do not leave the soma only at basal angles but rather branch out from almost any point asymmetrically.[4] These perisomatic and basal dendrites project into all cortical layers, but most of their horizontal arbors populate layers V and VI, some reaching down into the white matter.[5] According to one study, Betz cells represent about 10% of the total pyramidal cell population in layer Vb of the human primary motor cortex.[6]

Notes

  1. ^ Betz W. (1874) Anatomischer Nachweis zweier Gehirncentra. Centralblatt für die medizinischen Wissenschaften. 12:578-580, 595-599.
  2. ^ Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed.. Sinauer Associates. pp. 432–4. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7. 
  3. ^ Nolte, J. The Human Brain, 5th ed. Mosby: Missouri; 2002, p.527. ISBN 0-323-01320-1
  4. ^ Braak, H; Braak, E (1976). "The pyramidal cells of Betz within the cingulate and precentral gigantopyramidal field in the human brain. A Golgi and pigmentarchitectonic study.". Cell and tissue research 172 (1): 103–19. PMID 991201. 
  5. ^ Meyer, G (1987). "Forms and spatial arrangement of neurons in the primary motor cortex of man.". The Journal of comparative neurology 262 (3): 402–28. doi:10.1002/cne.902620306. PMID 3655019. 
  6. ^ Rivara, CB; Sherwood, CC; Bouras, C; Hof, PR (2003). "Stereologic characterization and spatial distribution patterns of Betz cells in the human primary motor cortex.". The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology 270 (2): 137–51. doi:10.1002/ar.a.10015. PMID 12524689. 

External links

Structure types
Layers
Cells
Betz cell · Pyramidal cell · Stellate cell